(a) Standard PUND (Positive Up, Negative Down)

pun4dDownload scientific diagram | Schematics of PUND method with a) continuous waveform and b) corresponding I-t curve. Schematics of c) pulse-and d) continuous-type triangular waveformsApplied PUND snal (a) and measured current (b), as function of time for fields below the AFE-FE transition. Global I(E) cycle (c) and I(E) cycle of only the ferroelectric switching contribution